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Etruscan civilization
Etruscan civilization () is the modern name given to a civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio. The ancient Romans called its creators the ''Tusci'' or ''Etrusci''.〔According to Félix Gaffiot's ''Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français'', the term Tusci was used by the major authors of the Roman Republic: Livy, Cicero, Horace, and others. Cognate words developed, including ''Tuscia'' and ''Tusculanensis''. ''Tusci'' was clearly the principal term used to designate things Etruscan; ''Etrusci'' and ''Etrūria'' were used less often, mainly by Cicero and Horace, and they lack cognates. According to the (Online Etymological Dictionary ), the English use of ''Etruscan'' dates from 1706.〕 Their Roman name is the origin of the terms ''Tuscany'', which refers to their heartland, and ''Etruria'', which can refer to their wider region.
In Attic Greek, the Etruscans were known as '' (Tyrrhēnoi)'', earlier ''Tyrsenoi'', from which the Romans derived the names ''Tyrrhēni'' (Etruscans), ''Tyrrhēnia'' (Etruria), and ''Mare Tyrrhēnum'' (Tyrrhenian Sea),〔Gaffiot's.〕 prompting some to associate them with the ''Teresh'' (Sea Peoples). The word may also be related to the Hittite ''Taruisa''.〔Sandars, N.K. (1987). The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, Revised Edition. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27387-1.〕 The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna, which was syncopated to ''Rasna'' or ''Raśna''.〔Rasenna comes from Dionysius of Halicarnassus I.30.3. The syncopated form, Rasna, is inscriptional and is inflected. The topic is covered in Pallottino, p. 133. Some inscriptions, such as the cippus of Cortona, feature the Raśna (pronounced Rashna) alternative, as is described in Gabor Z. Bodroghy's site, ''(The Palaeolinguistic Connection )'', under ''(Origins )''.〕
As distinguished by its unique language, this civilization endured from before the time of the earliest Etruscan inscriptions (c. 700 BC)〔Helmut Rix, "Etruscan," in ''The Ancient Languages of Europe'', ed. Roger D. Woodard (Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 141-164.〕 until its assimilation into the Roman Republic in the late 4th century BC.〔 At its maximum extent, during the foundational period of Rome and the Roman kingdom, Etruscan civilization flourished in three confederacies of cities: of Etruria, of the Po valley with the eastern Alps, and of Latium and Campania.〔A good map of the Italian range and cities of the culture at the beginning of its history can be found at (), the mysteriousetruscans.com site. The topic of the "League of Etruria" is covered in Freeman, pp. 562–565. The league in northern Italy is mentioned in Livy, Book V, Section 33. The passage identifies the Raetii as a remnant of the 12 cities "beyond the Apennines". The Campanian Etruscans are mentioned (among many sources) by Polybius, ((II.17 )). The entire subject with complete ancient sources in footnotes was worked up by George Dennis in his ''Introduction.'' In the LacusCurtius transcription, the references in Dennis's footnotes link to the texts in English or Latin; the reader may also find the English of some of them on WikiSource or other Internet sites. As the work has already been done by Dennis and Thayer, the complete work-up is not repeated here.〕
Culture that is identifiably Etruscan developed in Italy after about 800 BC approximately over the range of the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture. The latter gave way in the 7th century to a culture that was influenced by Hellenic, Magna Graecian, and Phoenician contacts. After 500 BC, the political destiny of Italy passed out of Etruscan hands.〔M. Cary and H. H. Scullard, ''A History of Rome'' (3rd ed., 1979), p. 28. ISBN 0-312-38395-9.〕 The latest mitochondrial DNA study (2013) shows that Etruscans appear to fall very close to a Neolithic population from Central Europe and to other Tuscan populations.
==Legend and history==
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